Effectiveness & Environmental Considerations
for Countermeasures
Ann Hayward Walker
Scientific and Environmental Associates, Inc., 325 Mason Avenue, Cape
Charles, VA 23310; 757-331-1787; 757-331-1788 (FAX); [email protected]
Janet H. Kucklick
Scientific and Environmental Associates, Inc., 868 Robert E. Lee Blvd.,
Charleston, SC 29412
Jacqueline Michel
Research Planning, Inc., 1200 Park St., Columbia, SC 29201
Abstract: Mechanical countermeasures for oil spill response
have various effectiveness and operational limitations under certain
spill situations. This has led to an interest in and use of alternative
treatment methods. This chapter reviews the potential utility of one
such group, non-dispersant chemical countermeasures, in controlling
the adverse impacts from marine oil spills. The types of non-dispersant
chemical countermeasures presented here include: herding agents, emulsion
treating agents, solidifiers, elasticity modifiers, and shoreline cleaning
agents. Each countermeasure group is discussed separately to provide
a definition, mechanism of action, and effectiveness and environmental
considerations for the group. Where ever possible, examples are given
of countermeasure use during an actual spill. In addition to the groups
mentioned above, a few other treating agents are briefly described under
the section "Miscellaneous Agents" to illustrate other, less prominent
types of chemical countermeasures.
Non-dispersant chemical countermeasures appear to have discrete response
niches, i.e., situations where the countermeasures are well-suited
and offer potential benefits. The key is matching conditions for optimal
effectiveness with the appropriate incident-specific characteristics
and window of opportunity. The practical aspects of logistics are not
addressed because, if their potential utility can be demonstrated, the
resolution of these issues would follow.
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