PART I: GENERAL ATOMIC EMISSION
SPECTROSCOPY (PDF file, 104 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 30, 653-679 (1972).
1 FOREWORD
2 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRACTICES
3 TERMS AND SYMBOLS FOR PHYSICAL QUANTITIES IN GENERAL USE
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3.1 Basic physical
quantities
3.2 Other physical quantities |
4 TERMS, SYMBOLS, AND UNITS RELATED TO RADIANT
ENERGY
5 TERMS AND SYMBOLS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF SPECTROGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS
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5.1 Geometrical quantities
5.2 Optical quantities
5.3 Quantities related to the transport of radiant energy |
6 TERMS AND SYMBOLS
RELATED TO THE ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES |
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6.1 Qualitative terms
concerning the sample
6.2 Quantitative terms concerning the sample
6.3 Terms concerning the procedure |
7 TERMS AND SYMBOLS
RELATED TO FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES OCCURRING IN LIGHT (EXCITATION) SOURCES
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7.1 General rules
7.2 Physical constants and properties of particles
7.3 Terms, symbols, and units for measurable
quantities
7.4 Conversion factors
7.5 Electrical terms
7.6 Special terms
7.7 Classification of additives |
8 PHOTOGRAPHIC INTENSITY
MEASUREMENTS (PHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOMETRY) |
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8.1 Introduction
8.2 Outline of the measuring procedure
8.3 Mathematical treatment of measured values for Tp
8.4 Practical calibration of a photographic emulsion |
APPENDIX I.A: General principles
of nomenclature standardization
APPENDIX I.B: Application of the concept of optical conductance
PART II: DATA INTERPRETATION (PDF
file, 26 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 45, 99-103 (1976).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GENERAL CONCEPTS
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2.1 Measure of concentration and quantity
2.2 Sensitivity
2.3 Standard deviation
2.4 Relative standard deviation
2.5 Variance
2.6 Precision
2.7 Accuracy |
3 ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS AND CURVES |
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3.1 Systems without interelement effects
3.2 Systems with interelement effects |
4 TERMS RELATED TO SMALL CONCENTRATIONS
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4.1 Limit of detection |
PART III: ANALYTICAL FLAME
SPECTROSCOPY AND ASSOCIATEDNON-FLAME PROCEDURES (PDF file, 106
kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 45, 105-123 (1976).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TERMS AND SYMBOLS FOR GENERAL QUANTITIES AND CONSTANTS
3 TERMS, SYMBOLS, AND UNITS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF THE ANALYTICAL
APPARATUS
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3.1 Transformation of sample into vapour |
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3.1.1 Descriptive terms concerning nebulizer-flame systems
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3.1.1.1 Nebulization, desolvation, volatilization, and atomization
3.1.1.2 Nebulizers
3.1.1.3 Burners and flames
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3.1.2 Terms, symbols, and units for measurable
quantities relating to nebulizer-flame systems
3.1.3 Terms concerning special sampling, atomizing, and exciting devices |
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3.1.3.1 Special sampling devices for flames
3.1.3.2 Electrical flame-like plasmas for atomization and excitation
3.1.3.3 Non-flame atomizing devices |
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3.1.3.3.1 Resistance-heated devices
3.1.3.3.2 Hollow-cathode devices
3.1.3.3.3 Radiation-heated devices |
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3.2 Light sources in atomic absorption and
atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
3.3 Optical systems
3.4 Photodetectors
3.5 The electrical measuring system
3.6 Survey of terms, symbols, and units for measurable quantities
in the optical and measuring systems |
4 TERMS AND SYMBOLS RELATING TO THE ANALYTICAL
PROCEDURE AND THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ANALYSIS |
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4.1 General analytical terminology in flame
spectroscopy
4.2 Analytical calibration
4.3 Assessment of an analytical procedure |
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4.3.1 Measurement scatter
4.3.2 Limit of detection, precision, and accuracy |
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4.4 Interferences by concomitants |
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4.4.1 General
4.4.2 Classification of interferences |
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4.4.2.1 Spectral interferences
4.4.2.2 Non-spectral interferences |
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4.4.3 Reduction of errors due to interferences
for given instrumental conditions |
5 TERMS, SYMBOLS, AND UNITS RELATING TO RADIANT
ENERGY AND ITS INTERACTION WITH MATTER |
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5.1 Descriptive terms relating to the emission,
absorption, and fluorescence of radiation |
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5.1.1 Emission
5.1.2 Absorption and self-absorption
5.1.3 Fluorescence |
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5.2 Terms, symbols, and units for measurable
quantities |
6 TERMS, SYMBOLS, AND UNITS RELATING TO THE
GASEOUS STATE OF MATTER |
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6.1 Descriptive terms concerning the gaseous
state of matter
6.2 Terms, symbols, and units for measurable quantities |
PART IV: X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
(PDF file, 58 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 52, 2541-2552 (1980).
l INTRODUCTION
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1.1 General comments on nomenclature
1.2 Similarity between X-ray and optical spectroscopy
1.3 origin of characteristic X-ray photons |
2 GENERAL TERMS
3 TERMS RELATED TO SAMPLE
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3.1 Bulk sample |
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3.1.1 Solid sample
3.1.2 Power sample
3.1.3 Solid-solution sample
3.1.4 Liquid sample |
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3.2 Sample of limited size |
4 TERMS RELATED TO X-RAY GENERATION |
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4.1 X-ray generation by electrons |
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4.1.1 Low energy collisions
4.1.2 Characteristic X-ray production
4.1.3 Spectral continuum |
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4.2 X-ray generation by positive ions
4.3 X-ray generation by photons |
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4.3.1 Photon emission yield (fluorescence
yield)
4.3.2 Linear attenuation coefficient
4.3.3 Mass attenuation coefficient
4.3.4 Secondary fluorescence |
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4.4 Table of terms related to X-ray generation |
5 TERMS RELATED TO X-RAY MEASUREMENTS |
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5.1 Wavelength dispersion |
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5.1.1 Crystal diffraction
5.1.2 Angular dispersion
5.1.3 Crystal characteristics
5.1.4 Spectrometer resolution
5.1.5 Detectors for use with crystal spectrometers |
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5.2 Energy dispersion |
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5.2.1 Solid-state detector
5.2.2 Resolution of Si(Li) detectors
5.2.3 Multichannel analyzer |
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5.3 Terms related to X-ray measurement |
6 TERMS RELATED TO X-RAY DATA INTERPRETATION
AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS |
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6.1 Measuring relative X-ray intensity
6.2 Counting precision
6.3 Analytical curves
6.4 Analytical functions
6.5 Fundamental-parameter equations
6.6 Terms used in data treatment and analysis |
PART V: RADIATION SOURCES
(PDF file, 165 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 57, 1453-1490 (1985).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TERMS, UNITS AND SYMBOLS FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF PROCESSES COMMON
TO ALL RADIATION SOURCES
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2.1 Terms relating to volatilization, atomization
and ionization of material
2.2 Terms relating to types of radiation |
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2.2.1 Atomic and ionic spectral lines
2.2.2 Molecular radiation
2.2.3 Continuous radiation
2.2.4 Background radiation |
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2.3 Terms relating to excitation and radiation
of spectra |
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2.3.1 Plasmas
2.3.2 Plasma temperature
2.3.3 Pressure effects
2.3.4 Collisional processes
2.3.5 Radiative processes |
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2.4 Terms relating to the shape and shift
of spectral lines |
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2.4.1 Natural broadening
2.4.2 Doppler broadening
2.4.3 Doppler shift
2.4.4 Collisional broadening and shift
2.4.5 Self-absorption
2.4.6 Self-reversal
2.4.7 Zeeman effect |
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2.5 Further terms relating to spectral radiation |
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2.5.1 Polarization
2.5.2 Scatter |
3 ELECTRICAL ARCS
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3.1 Current-carrying arc plasmas |
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3.1.1 Free-burning arcs
3.1.2 Stabilized arcs
3.1.3 Interrupted arcs |
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3.2 Non-current-carrying plasmas (current-free
arc plasmas)
3.3 Transferred plasmas
3.4 Transport of the sample into the discharge |
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3.4.1 General properties
3.4.2 Discontinuous procedures
3.4.3 Continuous procedures
3.4.4 Erosion techniques |
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3.5 Operation |
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3.5.1 Electrical parameters
3.5.2 Arc atmospheres |
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3.6 Spectrochemical properties and applications
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3.6.1 Spectrochemical properties |
4 ELECTRICAL SPARKS (SPARK DISCHARGES) |
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4.1 Characterization of sparks |
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4.1.1 Charging circuit
4.1.2 Discharge circuit |
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4.2 High tension sparks
4.3 Medium tension sparks
4.4 Low tension sparks
4.5 Spark stands
4.6 Discharge atmospheres
4.7 Discharges in vacuum
4.8 Spectral characteristics
4.9 Analytical procedures |
5 RADIOFREQUENCY PLASMAS |
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5.1 Inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) |
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5.1.1 Oscillators
5.1.2 Plasma torches
5.1.3 Plasma parameters |
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5.2 Capacitively coupled plasmas (CCP)
5.3 Microwave plasmas |
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5.3.1 Loaded line microwave plasmas
5.3.2 Microwave induced plasmas |
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5.4 Analytical features |
6 LASERS |
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6.1 Characterization of lasers
6.2 Solid state lasers |
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6.2.1 Continuous wave operation
6.2.2 Free-running operation
6.2.3 Q-switched operation |
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6.3 Other lasers |
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6.3.1 Liquid lasers
6.3.2 Gas lasers |
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6.4 Vaporization and atomization
6.5 Lasers as atomizers for atomic absorption spectroscopy
6.6 Laser atomization and excitation for use in optical emission spectroscopy
6.7 Optical emission spectroscopy with laser atomization and additional
excitation |
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6.7.1 Spark cross-excitation
6.7.2 Electrodeless excitation |
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6.8 Analytical applications |
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6.8.1 Local analysis with lasers
6.8.2 Microanalysis with lasers
6.8.3 Macroanalysis with lasers |
7 LOW PRESSURE ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES
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7.1 Terms relating to the processes |
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7.1.1 Radiation
7.1.2 The discharge
7.1.3 Cathodic sputtering
7.1.4 Clean up |
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7.2 Types of glow discharge |
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7.2.1 Normal glow discharge
7.2.2 Abnormal glow discharge
7.2.3 Spray discharge |
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7.3 Terms and description of sources |
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7.3.1 Arc lamps
7.3.2 Geissler lamps
7.3.3 Hollow cathode sources
7.3.4 Plane cathode glow discharge sources |
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7.4 Analytical procedures |
PART VI: MOLECULAR LUMINESCENCE
SPECTROSCOPY (PDF file, 78 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 56, 231-345 (1984).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DEFINITION OF LUMINESCENCE AND PARAMETERS USED IN ANALYSIS
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2.1 Types of luminescence
2.2 Absorption and deactivation processes |
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2.2.1 Absorption
2.2.2 Radiationless transitions
2.2.3 Radiative transitions
2.2.4 Matrix effects |
3 INSTRUMENTAL PARAMETERS |
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3.1 Excitation sources
3.2 Optical systems
3.3 Detectors
3.4 Modulation of the optical signal
3.5 Polarizers |
4 MEASUREMENT AND USE OF LUMINESCENCE PARAMETERS
IN ANALYSIS |
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4.1 Classification of luminescence parameters
4.2 Emission spectra
4.3 Excitation spectra
4.4 Excitation-emission spectra
4.5 Lifetimes of luminescence
4.6 Quantum yields
4.7 Polarization of luminescence
4.8 Quantitative analysis |
5 FACTORS AFFECTING LUMINESCENCE DATA |
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5.1 Geometric arrangement of the sample
5.2 Pre-filter, post-filter and self-absorption effects
5.3 Refraction effects
5.4 Solvent and temperature effects |
PART VII: MOLECULAR ABSORPTION
SPECTROSCOPY, ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE (UV/VIS) (PDF file, 74
kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 60, 1449-1460 (1988).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (UV/VIS)
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2.1 The UV/VIS absorption spectrum
2.2 The Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law |
3 INSTRUMENTAL FACTORS |
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3.1 Radiation sources
3.2 Sample compartment |
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3.2.1 Liquid samples
3.2.2 Gaseous samples
3.2.3 Solid samples
3.2.4 Special cells |
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3.3 Data acquisition and processing |
4 MEASURING TECHNIQUES |
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4.1 Qualitative analysis
4.2 Quantitative analysis
4.3 Spectral background correction
4.4 Difference absorption spectroscopy
4.5 Double-wavelength spectroscopy
4.6 Derivative spectroscopy
4.7 Absorbance matching |
5 FACTORS INFLUENCING PRECISION OF ABSORBANCE
MEASUREMENTS |
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5.1 Random fluctuations
5.2 Temperature effects
5.3 Inhomogeneous samples |
6 FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCURACY OF ABSORBANCE
MEASUREMENTS |
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6.1 Spectrometric factors
6.2 Wavelength accuracy
6.3 Spectral bandwidth
6.4 Stray radiation
6.5 Polarization
6.6 Optical beam effects
6.7 Scattering
6.8 Fluorescence effects
6.9 Cell factors
6.10 Sample stability |
7 FACTORS OTHER THAN INSTRUMENTAL THAT INFLUENCE ABSORPTION SPECTRA
8 TERMS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED IN MOLECULAR ABSORPTION S
PECTROSCOPY
PART VIII: NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM
FOR X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY
(PDF file, 44 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 63, 735-746 (1991).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 TERMS CURRENTLY USED TO DESCRIBE X-RAY SPECTRA
3 PRINCIPLES OF THE IUPAC NOTATION
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3.1 X-ray levels
3.2 X-ray transitions |
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3.2.1 X-ray absorption
3.2.2 X-ray emission
3.2.3 X-ray emission satellites |
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3.3 Auger electron emission
3.4 Photoelectron spectroscopy |
4 CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SIEGBAHN AND IUPAC NOTATIONS
5 UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
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5.1 Units
5.2 Conversion factors |
6 REFERENCES
PART IX: INSTRUMENTATION
FOR THE SPECTRAL DISPERSION AND ISOLATION OF OPTICAL RADIATION
(PDF file, 152 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 67, 1725-1744 (1995).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SPECTRAL APPARATUS
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2.1 Dispersive Spectral Apparatus |
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2.1.1 Monochromator
2.1.2 Polychromator |
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2.2 Non-dispersive Spectral Apparatus |
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Spectral filters
Double-beam interferometer |
3 SPECTRAL APPARATUS WITH DETECTION AND/OR MEASURING FACILITIES
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3.1 Spectroscope
3.2 Spectrograph
3.3 Spectrometer |
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3.3.1 Sequential spectrometer
3.3.2 Simultaneous spectrometer
3.3.3 Multiplex spectrometer
3.3.4 Filter spectrometer |
4 OPTICAL COMPONENTS OF DISPERSIVE SPECTRAL
INSTRUMENTS |
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4.1 Entrance Collimator
4.2 Dispersive Elements |
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4.2.1 Prisms and sets of prisms
4.2.2 Diffraction gratings
4.2.3 Multiple-beam interferometers |
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4.3 Exit Collimator |
5 OPTICAL COMPONENTS OF NON-DISPERSIVE SPECTRAL
INSTRUMENTS |
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5.1 Entrance Collimators
5.2 Optical Filters
5.3 Double-beam Interferometer |
6 PREDISPERSER AND POSTDISPERSER
7 PROPERTIES OF SPECTRAL APPARATUS
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7.1 Spectral Properties |
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7.1.1 Instrumental profile
7.1.2 Stray radiation
7.1.3 Spectral slit width |
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7.2 Characteristics of Resolution |
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7.2.1 Resolved wavelength distance
7.2.2 Theoretical resolution
7.2.3 Practical resolution
7.2.4 Resolving power
7.2.5 Optimal slit width, optimal slit length
7.2.6 Optimal entrance field stop of a Fabry-Perot and of a Twyman
interferometer |
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7.3 Radiation Conductance of Optical Systems |
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7.3.1 Geometrical conductance
7.3.2 Optical conductance
7.3.3 Effective optical conductance
7.3.4 Spectral optical conductance
7.3.5 Effective spectral optical conductance |
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7.4 Terms Relating to Wavelengths of Radiation
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7.4.1 Peak wavelength
7.4.2 Mean wavelength
7.4.3 Weighted mean wavelength
7.4.4 Median wavelength |
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7.5 Polarization
7.6 False lines |
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7.6.1 Ghost lines, Rowland ghosts
7.6.2 Ghost lines, Lyman ghosts
7.6.3 Satellites, near scatter
7.6.4 Far scatter |
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7.7 Effective spectral full width at half
maximum (FWHM) |
8 TERMS RELATING TO CONDUCTANCE |
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8.1 Line-to-background radiant power ratio
8.2 Irradiance
8.3 Radiant exposure |
9 MOUNTINGS OF SPECTRAL APPARATUS |
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9.1 Prism Mountings |
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9.1.1 Littrow prism mounting
9.1.2 Wadsworth prism mounting
9.1.3 Constant deviation mounting
9.1.4 Multiple prisms mountings |
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9.2 Concave Grating Mountings |
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9.2.1 Wadsworth mounting
9.2.2 Seya-Namioka mounting
9.2.3 Robin mounting
9.2.4 Flat-field mounting
9.2.5 Rowland circle mounting
9.2.6 Paschen-Runge mounting
9.2.7 Eagle mounting
9.2.8 Grazing-incidence mounting |
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9.3 Plane Grating mountings |
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9.3.1 Ebert mounting
9.3.2 Fastie-Ebert mounting
9.3.3 Czerny-Turner mounting |
10 SPECTRAL BAND SELECTION OF A MONOCHROMATOR OR A POLYCHROMATOR
PART X: PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
FOR ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY AND OTHER RELATED TECHNIQUES
(PDF file, 63 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 60, 1461-1472 (1988).
1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Sampling Procedures and Definitions |
2 TERMS WHICH DESCRIBE THE LABORATORY SAMPLE
AND THE TEST SAMPLE |
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2.1 Metallic Materials |
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2.1.1 Self-electrode samples for optical
emission spectroscopic and other techniques
2.1.2 Test samples |
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2.2 Liquid Materials
2.3 Solid Non-metallic Materials |
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2.3.1 Inorganic materials
2.3.2 Organic materials |
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2.4 Laboratory Micro-samples |
3 TERMS USED IN THE PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT
OF THE TEST SAMPLE FOR ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS |
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3.1 Materials Analyzed in Solid Form |
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3.1.1 Metallic materials
3.1.2 Non-metallic inorganic materials
3.1.3 Organic materials
3.1.4 Fused materials
3.1.5 Slurried samples |
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3.2 Dissolution of Materials |
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3.2.1 Acid digestion
3.2.2 Partial digestion
3.2.3 Base digestion
3.2.4 Enzymic decomposition
3.2.5 Photochemical decomposition
3.2.6 Pyrolytic techniques
3.2.7 Anodic oxidation |
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3.3 Preconcentration and Separation
3.4 Analyte Separation by Volatilization using Chemical Reactions
3.5 Speciation of Elements |
PART XI: DETECTION OF RADIATION
(PDF file, 55 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 67, 1745-1760 (1995).
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GENERAL PROPERTIES
3 TYPES OF DETECTORS
4 DETECTOR PROPERTIES
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4.1 Responsivity
4.2 Quantum efficiency
4.3 Noise
4.4 Detectivity and related terms
4.5 Linearity of responsivity
4.6 Temporal characteristics
4.7 Terms related to detector geometry |
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4.7.1 Detector sensitive area
4.7.2 Detector sensitive volume
4.7.3 Detector homogeneity |
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4.8 Temperature effects on responsivity |
5 THERMAL DETECTORS |
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5.1 Thermocouples
5.2 Thermopiles
5.3 Bolometers
5.4 Pyroelectric detectors
5.5 Pressure sensitive detectors |
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5.5.1 Pneumatic detectors
5.5.2 Photoacoustic detectors |
6 PHOTOEMISSIVE DETECTORS |
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6.1 Vacuum phototubes |
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6.1.1 Low-potential vacuum phototubes
6.1.2 Biplanar vacuum phototubes |
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6.2 Photomultiplier tubes |
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6.2.1 Strip dynode photomultipliers
6.2.2 Channel electron photomultipliers
6.2.3 Scintillation counters |
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6.3 Gas-filled phototubes
6.4 Gas-filled X-ray detectors |
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6.4.1 Ionization chambers
6.4.2 Proportional counters
6.4.3 Proportional gas-scintillation counters
6.4.4 Geiger counters |
7 SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS |
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7.1 Photoconductive detectors
7.2 Junction photodetectors, biased and unbiased photovoltaic detectors |
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7.2.1 Photodiodes
7.2.2 The Schottky photodiode
7.2.3 P-I-N- Photodiodes for X-ray detection
7.2.4 Avalanche photodiodes
7.2.5 Phototransistors
7.2.6 Darlington phototransistors
7.2.7 Field effect phototransistors (Photo-FET) |
8 SPATIALLY RESOLVING DETECTORS |
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8.1 Instantaneous spatially resolving detectors |
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8.1.1 Photodiode arrays
8.1.2 Pyro-electric photodetector arrays
8.1.3 Image dissection tubes
8.1.4 Position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes
8.1.5 Position-sensitive proportional counters
8.1.6 Microchannel plates
8.1.7 The Anger camera |
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8.2 Time integrating spatially resolving
detectors |
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8.2.1 Time integrating photodiode arrays
8.2.2 Vidicons
8.2.3 Silicon-intensified-target (SIT) vidicons
8.2.4 Charge-transfer devices |
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8.2.4.1 Charge-coupled devices (CCD)
8.2.4.2 Thinned charge-coupled devices
8.2.4.3 Charge-injection devices (CID) |
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8.3 Intensified solid-state arrays |
9 DETECTOR-TRANSDUCER COMBINATIONS |
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9.1 Wavelength converters
9.2 Image converter tubes
9.3 Streak tube |
10 LITERATURE
PART XII: TERMS RELATED TO
ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION
(PDF file, 21 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 64, 253-259, (1992).
1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 General |
2 ATOMIZERS |
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2.1 Electrothermal atomizers |
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2.1.1 Protective devices for atomizers
2.1.2 Types of atomizers
2.1.3 Atomizer material
2.1.4 Atomization surface |
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2.2 Processes in atomizers |
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2.2.1 Sample treatment
2.2.2 Parameters characterizing atomization conditions
2.2.3 Parameters characterizing analyte atomization |
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2.3 Analytical aspects |
PART XIII: TERMS RELATED
TO CHEMICAL VAPOUR GENERATION
(PDF file, 9 kB)
Pure Appl. Chem. 64, 261-264, (1992).
1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Chemical vapour generating systems
1.2 Gas flow systems
1.3 Flow systems for mercury
1.4 Sampling and excitation sources used with hydride generation techniques
Index |