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Pure Appl. Chem.,
Vol. 65, No. 9, pp. 2003-2122, 1993.
CLINICAL
CHEMISTRY DIVISION
COMMISSION ON TOXICOLOGY
Glossary for chemists of terms used in toxicology
(IUPAC Recommmendations 1993)
Alphabetical entries
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gamete: Reproductive
cell (either sperm or egg) containing a haploid set of chromosomes.
RT zygote.
gametocide: Substance intended to kill gametes.
gastrointestinal: Pertaining or communicating
with the stomach and intestine.
gavage: Administration of materials directly
into the stomach by oesophageal intubation.
gene: Structurally a basic
unit of hereditary material; an ordered sequence of nucleotide bases
that encodes one polypeptide chain (following transcription to mRNA).
SN cistron.
gene amplification:
Production of extra copies of a chromosomal sequence found either
as intra- or extra-chromosomal DNA; with respect to a plasmid, it
refers to the increase in the number of plasmid copies per cell
induced by a specific treatment of transformed cells.
genetic polymorphism: Condition in which
a genetic character occurs in more than one form, resulting in the
coexistence of more than one morphological type in a given population.
genetic toxicology: Study of substances that
can produce adverse heritable changes.
genome: Complete set of chromosomal and extrachromosomal
genes of an organism, a cell, an organelle, or a virus: complete
DNA component of an organism.
Nagel et al. (eds), 1991
genotoxicity:
Ability to cause damage to genetic material. Such damage may be
mutagenic and/or carcinogenic.
genotype: Genetic
constitution of an organism as revealed by genetic or molecular
analysis; the complete set of genes, both dominant and recessive
possessed by a particular organism, cell, organelle or virus.
After Nagel et al. (eds),
1991
germ-free animal:
Animal grown under sterile conditions in the period of postnatal
development: such animals are usually obtained by Caesarean operation
and kept in special sterile boxes in which there are no viable micro-organisms
(sterile air, food and water are supplied).
SN axenic animal.
BT gnotobiont, gnotobiote.
IRPTC, 1982
germinal aplasia: Complete failure of gonad
development.
glomerular: Pertaining to a tuft or cluster,
as of a plexus of capillary blood vessels or nerve fibres, especially
referring to the capillaries of the glomeruli of the kidney.
gnotobiota: Specifically and entirely known
microfauna and microflora of a specially reared laboratory animal.
RT gnotobiote.
gnotobiot/e n.,
-ic adj.: Specially reared laboratory animal whose microflora
and microfauna are specifically known in their entirety.
NT germ-free animal.
gonadotropic: Pertaining to effects on sex
glands and on the systems that regulate them.
good agricultural practice (GAP) in the use of
pesticides: Nationally authorised safe uses of pesticides under
actual conditions necessary for effective and reliable pest control.
It encompasses a range of levels of pesticide applications up to
the highest authorised use, applied in a manner that leaves a residue
which is the smallest amount practicable.
Authorised safe uses include nationally registered or recommended
uses, that take into account public and occupational health and
environmental safety considerations. Actual conditions include any
stage in the production, storage, transport, distribution, and processing
of food commodities and animal feed.
Codex
Alimentarius Commission, 1989
good laboratory
practice (GLP) principles: Fundamental rules incorporated in
national regulations concerned with the process of effective organization
and the conditions under which laboratory studies are properly planned,
performed, monitored, recorded, and reported.
RT quality assurance,
quality control.
good manufacturing practice (GMP) principles:
Fundamental rules incorporated in national regulations concerned
with the process of effective organization of production and ensuring
standards of defined quality at all stages of production, distribution
and marketing; minimization of waste and its proper disposal are
part of this process.
granuloma: Granular growth or tumour, usually
of lymphoid and epithelial cells.
ground treatment of plants: Dusting or spraying
of plants with pesticides by hand, by special machines, or by apparatus
fixed to tractors or driven by them.
IRPTC, 1982
guideline for exposure limits: Scientifically
judged quantitative value (a concentration or number) of an environmental
constituent that ensures aesthetically pleasing air, water or food
and from which no adverse effect is expected concerning noncarcinogenic
endpoints, or that gives an acceptably low estimate of lifetime
cancer risk from those substances which
are proven human carcinogens or carcinogens with at least limited
evidence of human carcinogenicity.
guideline value: Quantitative measure (a
concentration or a number) of a constituent of an environmental
medium that ensures aesthetically pleasing air, water, or food and
does not result in a significant risk to the user.
guides to air quality: Sets of atmospheric
concentrations and exposure times that are associated with specific
effects of varying degrees of pollution on man, animals, vegetation,
and the environment in general.
WHO, 1979
guides to environmental quality: Sets of
concentrations, numbers and exposure times that are associated with
the specific effects of factors in environmental media on man, animals,
vegetation, and the environment in general.
After WHO, 1979
guinea-pig
maximisation test (Magnusson and Kligman test): Widely used
skin test for screening possible contact allergens: considered to
be a useful method to identify likely moderate and strong sensitizers
in humans.
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Alphabetical entries
A | B | C
| D | E | F
| G | H | I
| J | K | L
| M
N | O | P
| Q | R | S
| T | U | V
| W | X | Y
| Z
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